Cloning vectors (plasmids, phages)
Tools of recombinant DNA technology · Biology
Study notes
pBR322 — the first famous plasmid vector (1977) — carried the first cloned genes, including insulin. Lambda phage vectors carried the human genome project's early fragments. Ti plasmid (Agrobacterium) is nature's own vector — it injects DNA into plants, causing crown gall; scientists disarmed it into the standard plant-transformation tool behind Bt cotton and golden rice.