Genetic engineering
Principles of biotechnology · Biology
Study notes
Humulin (1982) — human insulin from recombinant E. coli — was genetic engineering's first product; diabetics stopped depending on pig insulin. Bt cotton (India's 95%+ cotton) makes its own pesticide from a bacterial gene. CRISPR babies (2018, China) showed the dark side — He Jiankui was jailed for unapproved embryo editing. Gene therapy (2023: Casgevy for sickle cell) is now curing inherited disease.