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Let's look at the stem: 1. Start with the 'Intrafascicular cambium' (the strip between xylem and phloem). 2. Nearby 'medullary ray' cells join in to form a complete circle called the 'Vascular Cambium ring'. 3. This ring starts dividing! Cells cut off towards the center become Secondary Xylem (hard wood). Cells cut off towards the outside become Secondary Phloem. 4. Because wood is made faster than food pipes, the stem gets wider. 5. To protect this new width, the outer 'Cork Cambium' (phellogen) starts making cork cells (phellem) on the outside. 6. The final result: A thick trunk with a woody core and a protective bark skin.