Diazotization and diazonium salts
Amines and Diazonium Salts · Chemistry
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Synthesize p-nitrophenol from aniline via diazonium chemistry. Step 1: Diazotize: aniline + NaNO₂/HCl (0–5°C) → PhN₂⁺Cl⁻. Step 2: Warm hydrolysis: PhN₂⁺ + H₂O → phenol + N₂. Step 3: Nitrate phenol (dil. HNO₃) → o/p-nitrophenol (separate para). Step 4: Diazonium is the versatile hub — N₂⁺ replaced by OH, X, CN, H!