Photoelectric effect (intro)
Atomic Structure · Chemistry
Molecule viewer
Interactive 3DBall-and-stick models with true bond angles — switch molecule to compare shapes.
Controls
Drag the sliders or type a value — the simulation updates live.
Study notes
Water (H₂O) is bent: the two O–H bonds make an angle of 104.5°, not 180°, because oxygen's two lone pairs squeeze the bonding pairs together (VSEPR theory). Methane (CH₄) is tetrahedral with 109.5° between every pair of C–H bonds — the angle that keeps four electron pairs as far apart as possible. Switch molecules in the viewer above and compare their shapes.
Related topics
- Dalton's atomic theory and its limitations
- Subatomic particles: discovery of electron, proton, neutron
- Atomic models: Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr
- Bohr model: energy levels, radius, hydrogen spectrum
- Rydberg formula and spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund)
- Wave–particle duality and de Broglie wavelength