Ion-exchange chromatography
Chromatography and Separation Techniques · Chemistry
Molecule viewer
Interactive 3DBall-and-stick models with true bond angles — switch molecule to compare shapes.
Controls
Drag the sliders or type a value — the simulation updates live.
Study notes
How does a water softener work? Explain via ion exchange. Step 1: Resin beads carry –SO₃⁻Na⁺ (cation exchanger, Na⁺ form). Step 2: Hard water flows: Ca²⁺ displaces 2Na⁺ (higher charge binds stronger). Step 3: Soft water exits (Na⁺ instead of Ca²⁺ — no scum!). Step 4: Regenerate with brine (NaCl) — reverse exchange. Charge wins!